Q2 Explain regime change. What was it? Metastable states change. Nobody knows why, but well described in literature.
Q1 Chris Hope Judge bus school. What predictions does HS make about ocean heat in next 10-15 years? A: Might see a cooling. If sun is going down, and temps rise then it's not the sun.
Solar effect appears to be large. If exclude solar or regime change, then it makes anthropogenic look much bigger. These effects are not well covered by climate models.
Can effect be seen in climate? Use ocean heat content. Forcings = volcanoes, gcr, anthropogenic and a regime change in 1977. Solar effect ~1Wm-2, compares well with Shaviv. If remove solar effect left with apparent rgime change in 1977. This can be seen in eg tropospheric temps.
Coronal mass ejections - decrease in gcrs at earth - forbush decrease. Is there an atmospheric response? Liquid water in clouds over oceans fall after forbush decrease. Ditto in low clouds etc. Aerosols ditto
Always lots of nucleation centres in atmosphere. Is this right?
Use trace gases in atmosph concentrations. Change amount of ionisation. See if you get more aerosol particles. SKY experiment.
Correlation between low clouds and GCRs - but need mechanism. Ions?
Discussion of LIA and solar. Solar irradiance too small to explain Need amplification mechanism - clouds.
Get correlations between eg stalagmite 18O and solar variability
One particle entering atmosphere generates shower of particles - incl ions which change chemistry
CRs accelerated by solar events - supernovae.
He's older than I thought.